2.3.co;2, "A review of the evolution of the Mozambique Belt and implications for the amalgamation and dispersal of Rodinia and Gondwana", "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria", "Fossil Nothofagaceous Leaves from the Eocene of Western Antarctica and their Bearing on the Origin, Dispersal and Systematics of Nothofagus", "Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of Australia's New Guinea margin in a west Pacific context", "Oblique Convergence along the Chilean Margin: Partitioning, Margin-Parallel Faulting and Force Interaction at the Plate Interface", "Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup", "The tectonic history of Drake Passage and its possible impacts on global climate", "Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis", "Experimental Approach to the Paleocirculation of the Oceanic Surface Waters", 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2649:eattpo]2.0.co;2, "Cenozoic climatic change and the development of the arid vegetation in Australia", "Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province", "The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism", "A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana", "Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks", 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0275:RPMRTT>2.3.CO;2, "Anatomy and global context of the Andes: Main geologic features and the Andean orogenic cycle", "Syntectonic magnetization of the mid-Palaeozoic Sierra Grande Formation: further constraints on the tectonic evolution of Patagonia", "Evolution of the Southwest Indian Ridge from the Late Cretaceous (anomaly 34) to the Middle Eocene (anomaly 20)", "Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma", "Gondwana from top to base in space and time", "Refining Gondwana and Pangea Palaeogeography: Estimates of Phanerozoic non‐dipole (octupole) fields", "Age constraints on the tectonic evolution and provenance of the Pie de Palo Complex, Cuyania composite terrane, and the Famatinian Orogeny in the Sierra de Pie de Palo, San Juan, Argentina", "Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen", "Animation of the dispersal of Gondwanaland", "Interactive animation of the breakup of Gondwana", Graphical subjects dealing with Tectonics and Paleontology, "Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondwana&oldid=1012458603, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 March 2021, at 13:59. Rates. Sharing N$ 231.00. Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia were separated from it. The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is 34 to 29 Ma-old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Tetrapod fossils from the Early Permian have only been found in Laurasia but they became common in Gondwana later during the Permian. Though these belts formed a continuous arc chain, the direction of subduction was different between the Australian-Tasmanian and New Zealand-Antarctica arc segments. [25] Chilenia terrane accreted later against Cuyania. It accounts for 25% of the country's income. This morning, Wednesday 15th of August 2012, the small town of Aus in the south of Namibia awoke to a unusual weather phenomenon. Global cooling contributed to the Late Devonian extinction (19% of marine families and 50% of genera went extinct) and glaciation occurred in South America. [38] The history of the Africa-Antarctica break-up can be studied in great detail in the fracture zones and magnetic anomalies flanking the Southwest Indian Ridge.[39]. Southern terranes, such as Chortis and Oaxaca, on the other hand, remained largely unaffected by the collision along the southern shores of Laurentia. Gondwana Collection, Website, abgerufen am 20. The Baragwanathia Flora, found only in the Yea Beds of Victoria, Australia, occurs in two strata separated by 1,700 m (5,600 ft) or 30 Ma; the upper assemblage is more diverse and includes Baragwanathia, the first primitive herbaceous lycopod to evolve from the zosterophylls. … Bienvenue au Gondwana est un film réalisé par Mamane avec Antoine Gouy, Michel Gohou. Meanwhile, on the other side of the newly forming Africa, Kalahari collided with Congo and Rio de la Plata which closed the Adamastor Ocean. Check Availability. Giant lycopod and horsetail forests continued to evolve in tropical Laurasia together with a diversified assemblage of true insects. At c. 83 Ma (right) the South Atlantic was fully opened and the Romanche Fracture Zone was forming near the Equator. Dies ist eine Hauptkategorie, die häufig überfüllt ist. Bennettitales and Pentoxylales, two now extinct orders of gymnospermous plants, evolved in the Late Triassic and became important in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The Gondwana region includes core region of eastern part of the Vidarbha of Maharashtra, the parts of Madhya Pradesh immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of Chhattisgarh.The wider region extends beyond these, also including parts of northern Telangana, western Odisha and southern Uttar Pradesh. Some Peri-Gondwanan terranes, such as Yucatán and Florida, were buffered from collisions by major promontories. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event killed off all dinosaurs except birds, but plant evolution in Gondwana was hardly affected. Where the Namib Desert stretches languidly from the Atlantic Ocean and wild land extends into infinity, dreams become real. Sharing N$ 2 290.00. First the Arabian-Nubian Shield collided with eastern Africa (in the Kenya-Tanzania region) in the East African Orogeny c.750 to 620 Ma. Sustainability in Namibia as a philosophy Ever since we started in 1995 we bought farms in the vicinity of natural attractions, converted the farms into nature reserves and reintroduced game species which had once been indigenous to the area. [55], The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open c. 40 to 30 Ma. Experience Africa like never before. [34], The break-up of Pangaea began with the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) between South America, Africa, North America, and Europe. Exclusions – Klein-Aus Vista camping and the Geisterschlucht Cabin. [50] While subduction direction changed it remained oblique (and not perpendicular) to the coast of South America, and the direction change affected several subduction zone-parallel faults including Atacama, Domeyko and Liquiñe-Ofqui. Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began c. 132 Ma with sea-floor spreading occurring c. 96 Ma. Two families of conifers, Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae, dominated Gondwana in the Early Triassic, but Dicroidium, an extinct genus of fork-leaved seed ferns, dominated woodlands and forests of Gondwana during most of the Triassic. Conifers evolved and radiated during the period, with six of eight extant families already present before the end of it. Das Unternehmen wurde 1995 als Naturschutz- und Unterkunftsbetrieb vom langjährigen Geschäftsführer Manfred Goldbeck gegründet . 2021 © Gondwana Collection Namibia (PTY) LTD REG NO: 2017/0459 Halo: The Master Chief Collection is a compilation of first-person shooter video games in the Halo series, originally released in November 2014 for the Xbox One, and later on Microsoft Windows through 2019 and 2020. (Photo: Wanetta Ayers, Wikipedia) Sharing N$ 1 625.00. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian Subcontinent, Zealandia, and Arabia. [57], Since the Eocene the northward movement of the Australian Plate has resulted in an arc-continent collision with the Philippine and Caroline plates and the uplift of the New Guinea Highlands. At this place where fantasy meets reality, you’ll find the Gondwana Collection safely positioned. North of the Equator the rifting began after 120.4 Ma and continued until c. 100 to 96 Ma. Take our hand and let us introduce you to this awe-inspiring country, Built in close proximity to Namibia’s natural wonders and managed sustainably. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007375 After Hours: +264 81 129 2424 . This is a main category requiring frequent diffusion and maybe maintenance. While plants had a cosmopolitan distribution, dinosaurs evolved and diversified in a pattern that reflects the Jurassic break-up of Pangaea. A rift between the two developed but remained an embayment until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary when the Circumpolar Current developed and the glaciation of Antarctica began. Sustainability Partager N$ 1 505.00. South of the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise the Paraná and Etendeka magmatics resulted in further ocean-floor spreading c. 130 to 135 Ma and the development of rifts systems on both continents, including the Central African Rift System and the Central African Shear Zone which lasted until c. 85 Ma. One of those orogenic belts, the Mozambique Belt, formed 800 to 650 Ma and was originally interpreted as the suture between East (India, Madagascar, Antarctica, and Australia) and West Gondwana (Africa and South America). The break-up was the result of the eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar igneous province, one of the Earth's most extensive large igneous provinces c. 200 to 170 Ma, but the oldest magnetic anomalies between South America, Africa, and Antarctica are found in what is now the southern Weddell Sea where initial break-up occurred during the Jurassic c. 180 to 160 Ma. [18], A large number of terranes were accreted to Eurasia during Gondwana's existence but the Cambrian or Precambrian origin of many of these terranes remains uncertain. These terranes accreted to Asia during Late Devonian and Permian. The arrival of the therapsids resulted in the first plant-vertebrate-insect ecosystem. The End-Ordovician extinction, which resulted in 27% of marine invertebrate families and 57% of genera going extinct, occurred during this shift from Ice House to Hot House. It is of course not business as usual, but Namibia is perfectly positioned to offer a safe, exciting and soulful journey to all on our planet who are ready to break out into solitude, fresh air and wide-open spaces. The formation of Gondwana began c. 800 to 650 Ma with the East African Orogeny, the collision of India and Madagascar with East Africa, and was completed c. 600 to 530 Ma with the overlapping Brasiliano and Kuunga orogenies, the collision of South America with Africa, and the addition of Australia and Antarctica, respectively.[5]. [42] The Indian Plate and the Australian Plate are now separated by the Capricorn Plate and its diffuse boundaries. These include gymnosperms and the deciduous species of Nothofagus, as well as the New Zealand laurel, Corynocarpus laevigatus, and Laurelia novae-zelandiae. Vom späten Karbon bis in den Jura bildete Gondwana über einen Zeitraum von etwa 150 Millionen Jahren den Südteil des Superkontinents Pangaea, wobei er während des Perms eine Fläche von etwa 73 Millionen km² aufwies. Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "gondwana" Flickr tag. . [33], The formation of Pangaea and its mountains had a tremendous impact on global climate and sea levels, which resulted in glaciations and continent-wide sedimentation. The Criterion Collection, Inc. (or simply Criterion) is an American home video distribution company that focuses on licensing "important classic and contemporary films". Then Australia and East Antarctica were merged with the remaining Gondwana c. 570 to 530 Ma in the Kuunga Orogeny. Der Spreetshoogte-Pass (englisch Spreetshoogte Pass) ist ein Gebirgspass in den Rantbergen zwischen Rehoboth und Solitaire (Distriktstraße D1275) in der Region Khomas in Namibia.Er gilt mit einer maximalen Steigung von 22 Prozent als der zweitsteilste und mit einer Höhe von 1676 m als fünfthöchster Pass des Landes.. Er verbindet die Ausläufer der Namib im Westen mit dem … The India–Madagascar–Seychelles separations appear to coincide with the eruption of the Deccan basalts, whose eruption site may survive as the Réunion hotspot. Pangaea began to break up in the Mid-Jurassic when the Central Atlantic opened. The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company which specializes in licensing and selling "important classic and contemporary films" in "editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning, original supplements." Es kann notwendig sein, neue Unterkategorien anzulegen. [2] Eduard Suess orthographie originellement ce terme Gondwána-Land dans son livre Le Visage de la Terre (das Antlitz der Erde), édité entre 1883 et 1901. Collections. Media in category "Canyon Village (Gondwana)" The following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. Vom späten Karbon bis in den Jura bildete Gondwana über einen Zeitraum von etwa 150 Millionen Jahren den Südteil des Superkontinents Pangaea ; WikiZero Özgür Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumanın En Kolay Yolu . Die Gondwana Collection Namibia, meist nur Gondwana Collection oder Gondwana, ist ein Unternehmen der Nature Investments ... Wikipedia spezifische Links, die nicht zu Artikeln oder Kategorien führen (wie „Redlink“, „Bearbeiten-Links“, „Portal-Links“) wurden entfernt. Rates. The Gondwana Card may be used throughout the year at: Any of the Gondwana Collection Namibia accommodation properties. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007325 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424. Hunted and admired: the giants of the oceans. Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene c. 23 Ma with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway. Proto-Gondwanan Cambrian arc belts from this margin have been found in eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Antarctica. Gondwana, tidligere kjent under navnet Gondwanaland, var et sørlig superkontinent som omfattet de landmassene som i dag utgjør den sørlige halvkule, med kontinentene Antarktis, Sør-Amerika, Afrika og Australia, samt Madagaskar, India, Ny-Guinea, New Zealand og Ny-Caledonia.De øvrige kontinentene, Nord-Amerika og Eurasia, var samlet i superkontinentet Laurasia. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007335 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424 . [70] Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of non-therian mammals with a Gondwanan distribution (South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Zealandia and Antarctica) during the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene. Take the time to scroll through the online shop and collect your favourite Namibian memories. The continent of Gondwana was named by the Austrian scientist Eduard Suess, after the Gondwana region of central India which is derived from Sanskrit for "forest of the Gonds". November 2013. The Madagascar block and the Mascarene Plateau, stretching from the Seychelles to Réunion, were broken off India; elements of this breakup nearly coincide with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The Indian and Australian plates merged c. 40 Ma (right). [67], During the Mid- to Late Triassic, hot house conditions coincided with a peak in biodiversity — the end-Permian extinction was enormous and so was the radiation that followed. Gondwana collection wikipedia Gondwana - Wikipedia . Rates. It is possible that gymnosperm biodiversity surpassed later angiosperm biodiversity and that the evolution of angiosperms began during the Triassic but, if so, in Laurasia rather than in Gondwana. Gondwana's final formation occurred about 500 million years ago, during the late Ediacaran Period. The term "Gondwanaland" is preferred by some scientists in order to make a clear distinction between the region and the supercontinent. November 2013. Standard Twin Room These rooms are situated in a courtyard overlooking the main swimming pool area. The validity of card numbers will be verified in respect of all bookings. Your email address will not be published. Oranjemund (German for "Mouth of Orange") is a diamond mining town of 4,000 inhabitants situated in the ǁKaras Region of the extreme southwest of Namibia, on the northern bank of the Orange River mouth at the border to South Africa 2021 © Gondwana Collection Namibia (PTY) LTD REG NO: 2017/0459 Gondwana Collection Namibia. The intrepid explorers who traveled from the interior braved the harsh elements, lack of water and difficult terrain, often narrowly avoiding a tragic end. Insect orders associated with pollination, such as beetles, flies, butterflies and moths, and wasps, bees, and ants, radiated continuously from the Permian-Triassic, long before the arrival of the angiosperms. [65], The closure of the Rheic Ocean and the formation of Pangaea in the Carboniferous resulted in the rerouting of ocean currents which initiated an Ice House period. [59], The adjective "Gondwanan" is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms, typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. Box 80205 Windhoek / Namibia Physical address: 42 Nelson Mandela Avenue – Entrance on Kwame Nkrumah Str. [70], Dinosaurs continued to prosper but, as the angiosperm diversified, conifers, bennettitaleans and pentoxylaleans disappeared from Gondwana c. 115 Ma together with the specialised herbivorous ornithischians, whilst generalist browsers, such as several families of sauropodomorph Saurischia, prevailed. [71] Xenarthra and Afrotheria, two placental clades, are of Gondwanan origin and probably began to evolve separately c. 105 Ma when Africa and South America separated.[72]. Travel News Namibia, 27. Existió desde el Neoproterozoico (hace unos 550 millones de años). [58] From the Oligocene to the late Miocene, the climate in Australia, dominated by warm and humid rainforests before this collision, began to alternate between open forest and rainforest before the continent became the arid or semiarid landscape it is today. [14], As the rest of Gondwana formed, a complex series of orogenic events assembled the eastern parts of Gondwana (eastern Africa, Arabian-Nubian Shield, Seychelles, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, East Antarctica, and Australia) c. 750 to 530 Ma. by Gondwana Collection | Mar 30, 2021 | Gondwana Collection Namibia. Le Jardin botanique de Kirstenbosch compte presque uniquement des plantes d’Afrique australe.Il se divise en deux principales zones : la zone cultivée qui comprend les différentes collections de plantes, et la zone naturelle, qui s’étale en partie sur les flancs de la montagne de la Table et se compose de forêts, vestige des anciennes forêts du Cap. . For other uses, see, Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous supercontinent. The first ocean floor formed between India and Antarctica c. 120 Ma (left). The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged. [26] The collision of the Patagonian terrane with the southwestern Gondwanan occurred in the late Paleozoic. [29], Gondwana and Laurasia formed the Pangaea supercontinent during the Carboniferous. More than 20 properties have been carefully and individually constructed by Gondwana Collection Namibia over the last two decades, ranging from secret luxurious refuges for two to comfortable unique lodges to rustic camping offers. Whether these blocks originated on the shores of Gondwana is not known. Medlicott in 1872,[7] from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences (Permian-Triassic) are also described. [61] Agents’ hub for logistic services and local expertise. [47], The first phases of Andean orogeny in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous were characterized by extensional tectonics, rifting, the development of back-arc basins and the emplacement of large batholiths. Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of peoples of the "scheduled tribes" of India, which include the Gonds. Laurentia was docked against the western shores of a united Gondwana for a short period near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, forming the short-lived and still disputed supercontinent Pannotia.[12]. Chambres & Prix. In contrast to Laurentia, very few insect fossils have been found in Gondwana, to a large extent because of widespread deserts and volcanism. P.O. [43] Right in time for the festive season, Gondwana has produced a song to put you into a laid-back holiday mood. Several orogenies, collectively known as the Pan-African orogeny, led to the amalgamation of most of the continental fragments of a much older supercontinent, Rodinia. Thirdly, in the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic, Lhasa, West Burma, Woyla terranes opened the Neo-Tethys Ocean; Lhasa collided with Asia during the Early Cretaceous, and West Burma and Woyla during the Late Cretaceous. The islands still retain plants that originated in Gondwana and spread to the Southern Hemisphere continents later. by Bernd Grahl | Mar 31, 2017 | Namib Desert Lodge, Namib Desert Lodge, Namibia Travel Tips, Uncategorized | 10 comments. They are powerful and gentle, inquisitive and wise, compassionate and social. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007325 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424. In Gondwana, in contrast, ice and, in Australia, volcanism decimated the Devonian flora to a low-diversity seed fern flora – the pteridophytes were increasingly replaced by the gymnosperms which were to dominate until the Mid-Cretaceous. Well-preserved insect fossils have been found in the lake deposits of the Santana Formation in Brazil, the Koonwarra Lake fauna in Australia, and the Orapa diamond mine in Botswana. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)84 0007307 or +264 (0)81 145 8302 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)61 427 200 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424 . 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16. September 2020

gondwana collection wikipedia

The Cimmerian blocks then rifted from Gondwana to form the Palaeo-Thethys and Neo-Tethys oceans in the Late Carboniferous, and docked with Asia during the Triassic and Jurassic. Category:Gondwana Collection Namibia. The breakup of Gondwana can be said to continue in eastern Africa at the Afar Triple Junction, which separates the Arabian, Nubian, and Somali plates, resulting in rifting in the Red Sea and East African Rift. Alle externen Links haben ein zusätzliches FontAwesome Icon erhalten. Rifting began c. 190 Ma at Falkland latitudes, forcing Patagonia to move relative to the still static remainder of South America and Africa, and this westward movement lasted until the Early Cretaceous 126.7 Ma. For example, some Palaeozoic terranes and microcontinents that now make up Central Asia, often called the "Kazakh" and "Mongolian terranes", were progressively amalgamated into the continent Kazakhstania in the Late Silurian. At Brazilian latitudes spreading is more difficult to assess because of the lack of palaeo-magnetic data, but rifting occurred in Nigeria at the Benue Trough c. 118 Ma. ↑ DNB: bibliographischer Nachweis. Two Gondwanan classes, lycophytes and sphenophytes, saw a gradual decline during the Triassic while ferns, though never dominant, managed to diversify. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Humpback whales can be spotted along the Namibian coastline. Safaris & Travel Beetles and cockroaches remained minor elements in this fauna. Secondly, in the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, Cimmerian terranes opened Meso-Tethys Ocean; Sibumasu and Qiangtang were added to south-east Asia during Late Permian and Early Jurassic. Check Availability . Gondwana Collection Namibia, Hotelgruppe in Namibia; Gondwana (Band), chilenische Reggae-Band (ab 1987) Gondwana, Roman von Simon Urban (2014) Siehe auch: Nation of Gondwana (Festival elektronischer Musik) Liste aller Wikipedia-Artikel, deren Titel mit Gondwana beginnt; Dies ist eine Begriffsklärungsseite zur Unterscheidung mehrerer mit demselben Wort bezeichneter Begriffe. Discover what makes Namibia so special and as it should be, with Namibia2Go. The Gondwana Collection. Snow in Aus, Namibia! Gondwana Collection, 3. This natural phenomenon can be found close to Sossusvlei, where the Namib Desert is in full control of the … Gondwana ( /ɡɒndˈwɑːnə/)[1] or Gondwanaland[2] was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic (about 180 million years ago), with the opening of the Drake Passage, separating South America and Antarctica occurring during the Eocene. The obliquity of this closure resulted in the docking of some northern terranes in the Marathon, Ouachita, Alleghanian, and Variscan orogenies, respectively. Childsplay (une collection d'activités pour les enfants de 4 ans et plus : ... DoudouLinux 1.0 "Gondwana" La 1.0 est la première version stable de DoudouLinux, publiée le 15 juin 2011, après presque un an de vie du projet et de sa communauté [26]. Most of Gondwana was located far from the Equator during this period and remained a lifeless and barren landscape. During the Miocene, the Drake Passage began to widen and as water flow between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula increased, the renewed ACC resulted in cooler global climate. [49] During the mid to Late Cretaceous (ca. What makes Deadvlei in Namibia so unique? Send us an enquiry with your preferred establishment, the desired dates and the estimated number of guests. [48][49] Warmer and younger oceanic lithosphere is believed to have started to be subducted beneath South America around this time. "Holiday" takes you on a relaxed journey through Namibia, lifts your spirit in these final working days and inspires you to travel Namibia. Standard Twin Room The rooms are situated at the foot of the fossilised dunes overlooking grassy savannah's or the base of the dunes. Entstehungshypothesen Tierische Aktivitäten (Termiten) In Namibia untersuchte Feenkreise enthalten unterirdische Termitengänge. Gondwana Care Trust Gondwana – południowy superkontynent, istniejący w paleozoiku i na początku mezozoiku oraz ponownie pod koniec mezozoiku i na początku kenozoiku.Jego nazwa pochodzi od północnego regionu Indii, a termin ten wprowadził jako pierwszy Eduard Suess, który stwierdził m.in. [1] Der Begriff Orlam wurde gebraucht, um sich von den eher traditionell lebenden Nama abzugrenzen. Rates. Radaruntersuchungen legten nahe, dass sich unter den Kreisen Schichten feuchteren Bodens befinden.. Am 29. During the initial break-up in the Early Jurassic a marine transgression swept over the Horn of Africa covering Triassic planation surfaces with sandstone, limestone, shale, marls and evaporites.[40][41]. [17] The Kerguelen LIP began to form the Ninety East ridge c. 80 Ma (centre). Our Partners, Contact us [48][49] This development is presumed to have been linked to the subduction of cold oceanic lithosphere. From there the angiosperms diversified in two stages: the monocots and magnoliids evolved in the Early Cretaceous, followed by the hammamelid dicots. [49] Plate tectonic reorganization since the mid-Cretaceous might also have been linked to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. [23] During the paleozoic some blocks which helped to form parts of the Southern Cone of South America, include a piece transferred from Laurentia when the west edge of Gondwana scraped against southeast Laurentia in the Ordovician. In North America, the base of the Absaroka sequence coincides with the Alleghanian and Ouachita orogenies and are indicative of a large-scale change in the mode of deposition far away from the Pangaean orogenies. Rifting propagated from south to north along Triassic–Early Jurassic lineaments, but intra-continental rifts also began to develop within both continents in Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary basins; subdividing each continent into three sub-plates. [1] CAMP covered more than seven million square kilometres over a few million years, reached its peak at c. 200 Ma, and coincided with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. The newest lodge of Gondwana Collection Namibia, Etosha King Nehale, opened its doors on 10 June 2020. Sie sprachen Afrikaans, konnten mit Gewehren umgehen und besaßen Pferd und Wagen. It was formed by the accretion of several cratons. Other terranes, such as Carolina and Meguma, were directly involved in the collision. Required fields are marked * … Car Rental, News 2021 © Gondwana Collection Namibia (PTY) LTD REG NO: 2017/0459 The former evolved into the lycopods, that were to dominate the Gondwanan vegetation over a long period, whilst the latter evolved into horsetails and gymnosperms. Gondwana Collection Namibia looks forward to welcoming you to our beautiful country. Reconstructions of (left) a Late Silurian, Peri-Gondwana development: Paleozoic rifts and accretions, Gondwana as part of Pangaea: Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTorsvikVan_Der_Voo2002 (, "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle", "Wir nennen es Gondwána-Land, nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána-Flora, … "(We name it Gondwána-Land, after the common ancient flora of Gondwána …), "Paleozoic terranes of the central Argentina-Chilean Andes", "Gondwanide continental collision and the origin of Patagonia", "The country rocks of Devonian magmatism in the North Patagonian Massif and Chaitenia", "Gondwana Remnants in Alabama And Georgia: Uchee Is An 'Exotic' Peri-Gondwanan Arc Terrane, Not Part Of Laurentia", "Patterns of Gondwana plant colonisation and diversification", "Molecular dating of the 'Gondwanan'plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break‐up of Gondwana", "Laurentia-Gondwana collision: the origin of the Famatinian-Appalachian orogenic belt (a review)", "Motion between the Indian, Capricorn and Somalian plates since 20 Ma: implications for the timing and magnitude of distributed lithospheric deformation in the equatorial Indian ocean", "Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana", 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0535:seofak>2.3.co;2, "A review of the evolution of the Mozambique Belt and implications for the amalgamation and dispersal of Rodinia and Gondwana", "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria", "Fossil Nothofagaceous Leaves from the Eocene of Western Antarctica and their Bearing on the Origin, Dispersal and Systematics of Nothofagus", "Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of Australia's New Guinea margin in a west Pacific context", "Oblique Convergence along the Chilean Margin: Partitioning, Margin-Parallel Faulting and Force Interaction at the Plate Interface", "Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup", "The tectonic history of Drake Passage and its possible impacts on global climate", "Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis", "Experimental Approach to the Paleocirculation of the Oceanic Surface Waters", 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2649:eattpo]2.0.co;2, "Cenozoic climatic change and the development of the arid vegetation in Australia", "Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province", "The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism", "A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana", "Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks", 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0275:RPMRTT>2.3.CO;2, "Anatomy and global context of the Andes: Main geologic features and the Andean orogenic cycle", "Syntectonic magnetization of the mid-Palaeozoic Sierra Grande Formation: further constraints on the tectonic evolution of Patagonia", "Evolution of the Southwest Indian Ridge from the Late Cretaceous (anomaly 34) to the Middle Eocene (anomaly 20)", "Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma", "Gondwana from top to base in space and time", "Refining Gondwana and Pangea Palaeogeography: Estimates of Phanerozoic non‐dipole (octupole) fields", "Age constraints on the tectonic evolution and provenance of the Pie de Palo Complex, Cuyania composite terrane, and the Famatinian Orogeny in the Sierra de Pie de Palo, San Juan, Argentina", "Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen", "Animation of the dispersal of Gondwanaland", "Interactive animation of the breakup of Gondwana", Graphical subjects dealing with Tectonics and Paleontology, "Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondwana&oldid=1012458603, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 March 2021, at 13:59. Rates. Sharing N$ 231.00. Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia were separated from it. The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is 34 to 29 Ma-old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Tetrapod fossils from the Early Permian have only been found in Laurasia but they became common in Gondwana later during the Permian. Though these belts formed a continuous arc chain, the direction of subduction was different between the Australian-Tasmanian and New Zealand-Antarctica arc segments. [25] Chilenia terrane accreted later against Cuyania. It accounts for 25% of the country's income. This morning, Wednesday 15th of August 2012, the small town of Aus in the south of Namibia awoke to a unusual weather phenomenon. Global cooling contributed to the Late Devonian extinction (19% of marine families and 50% of genera went extinct) and glaciation occurred in South America. [38] The history of the Africa-Antarctica break-up can be studied in great detail in the fracture zones and magnetic anomalies flanking the Southwest Indian Ridge.[39]. Southern terranes, such as Chortis and Oaxaca, on the other hand, remained largely unaffected by the collision along the southern shores of Laurentia. Gondwana Collection, Website, abgerufen am 20. The Baragwanathia Flora, found only in the Yea Beds of Victoria, Australia, occurs in two strata separated by 1,700 m (5,600 ft) or 30 Ma; the upper assemblage is more diverse and includes Baragwanathia, the first primitive herbaceous lycopod to evolve from the zosterophylls. … Bienvenue au Gondwana est un film réalisé par Mamane avec Antoine Gouy, Michel Gohou. Meanwhile, on the other side of the newly forming Africa, Kalahari collided with Congo and Rio de la Plata which closed the Adamastor Ocean. Check Availability. Giant lycopod and horsetail forests continued to evolve in tropical Laurasia together with a diversified assemblage of true insects. At c. 83 Ma (right) the South Atlantic was fully opened and the Romanche Fracture Zone was forming near the Equator. Dies ist eine Hauptkategorie, die häufig überfüllt ist. Bennettitales and Pentoxylales, two now extinct orders of gymnospermous plants, evolved in the Late Triassic and became important in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The Gondwana region includes core region of eastern part of the Vidarbha of Maharashtra, the parts of Madhya Pradesh immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of Chhattisgarh.The wider region extends beyond these, also including parts of northern Telangana, western Odisha and southern Uttar Pradesh. Some Peri-Gondwanan terranes, such as Yucatán and Florida, were buffered from collisions by major promontories. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event killed off all dinosaurs except birds, but plant evolution in Gondwana was hardly affected. Where the Namib Desert stretches languidly from the Atlantic Ocean and wild land extends into infinity, dreams become real. Sharing N$ 2 290.00. First the Arabian-Nubian Shield collided with eastern Africa (in the Kenya-Tanzania region) in the East African Orogeny c.750 to 620 Ma. Sustainability in Namibia as a philosophy Ever since we started in 1995 we bought farms in the vicinity of natural attractions, converted the farms into nature reserves and reintroduced game species which had once been indigenous to the area. [55], The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open c. 40 to 30 Ma. Experience Africa like never before. [34], The break-up of Pangaea began with the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) between South America, Africa, North America, and Europe. Exclusions – Klein-Aus Vista camping and the Geisterschlucht Cabin. [50] While subduction direction changed it remained oblique (and not perpendicular) to the coast of South America, and the direction change affected several subduction zone-parallel faults including Atacama, Domeyko and Liquiñe-Ofqui. Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began c. 132 Ma with sea-floor spreading occurring c. 96 Ma. Two families of conifers, Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae, dominated Gondwana in the Early Triassic, but Dicroidium, an extinct genus of fork-leaved seed ferns, dominated woodlands and forests of Gondwana during most of the Triassic. Conifers evolved and radiated during the period, with six of eight extant families already present before the end of it. Das Unternehmen wurde 1995 als Naturschutz- und Unterkunftsbetrieb vom langjährigen Geschäftsführer Manfred Goldbeck gegründet . 2021 © Gondwana Collection Namibia (PTY) LTD REG NO: 2017/0459 Halo: The Master Chief Collection is a compilation of first-person shooter video games in the Halo series, originally released in November 2014 for the Xbox One, and later on Microsoft Windows through 2019 and 2020. (Photo: Wanetta Ayers, Wikipedia) Sharing N$ 1 625.00. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian Subcontinent, Zealandia, and Arabia. [57], Since the Eocene the northward movement of the Australian Plate has resulted in an arc-continent collision with the Philippine and Caroline plates and the uplift of the New Guinea Highlands. At this place where fantasy meets reality, you’ll find the Gondwana Collection safely positioned. North of the Equator the rifting began after 120.4 Ma and continued until c. 100 to 96 Ma. Take our hand and let us introduce you to this awe-inspiring country, Built in close proximity to Namibia’s natural wonders and managed sustainably. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007375 After Hours: +264 81 129 2424 . This is a main category requiring frequent diffusion and maybe maintenance. While plants had a cosmopolitan distribution, dinosaurs evolved and diversified in a pattern that reflects the Jurassic break-up of Pangaea. A rift between the two developed but remained an embayment until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary when the Circumpolar Current developed and the glaciation of Antarctica began. Sustainability Partager N$ 1 505.00. South of the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise the Paraná and Etendeka magmatics resulted in further ocean-floor spreading c. 130 to 135 Ma and the development of rifts systems on both continents, including the Central African Rift System and the Central African Shear Zone which lasted until c. 85 Ma. One of those orogenic belts, the Mozambique Belt, formed 800 to 650 Ma and was originally interpreted as the suture between East (India, Madagascar, Antarctica, and Australia) and West Gondwana (Africa and South America). The break-up was the result of the eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar igneous province, one of the Earth's most extensive large igneous provinces c. 200 to 170 Ma, but the oldest magnetic anomalies between South America, Africa, and Antarctica are found in what is now the southern Weddell Sea where initial break-up occurred during the Jurassic c. 180 to 160 Ma. [18], A large number of terranes were accreted to Eurasia during Gondwana's existence but the Cambrian or Precambrian origin of many of these terranes remains uncertain. These terranes accreted to Asia during Late Devonian and Permian. The arrival of the therapsids resulted in the first plant-vertebrate-insect ecosystem. The End-Ordovician extinction, which resulted in 27% of marine invertebrate families and 57% of genera going extinct, occurred during this shift from Ice House to Hot House. It is of course not business as usual, but Namibia is perfectly positioned to offer a safe, exciting and soulful journey to all on our planet who are ready to break out into solitude, fresh air and wide-open spaces. The formation of Gondwana began c. 800 to 650 Ma with the East African Orogeny, the collision of India and Madagascar with East Africa, and was completed c. 600 to 530 Ma with the overlapping Brasiliano and Kuunga orogenies, the collision of South America with Africa, and the addition of Australia and Antarctica, respectively.[5]. [42] The Indian Plate and the Australian Plate are now separated by the Capricorn Plate and its diffuse boundaries. These include gymnosperms and the deciduous species of Nothofagus, as well as the New Zealand laurel, Corynocarpus laevigatus, and Laurelia novae-zelandiae. Vom späten Karbon bis in den Jura bildete Gondwana über einen Zeitraum von etwa 150 Millionen Jahren den Südteil des Superkontinents Pangaea, wobei er während des Perms eine Fläche von etwa 73 Millionen km² aufwies. Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "gondwana" Flickr tag. . [33], The formation of Pangaea and its mountains had a tremendous impact on global climate and sea levels, which resulted in glaciations and continent-wide sedimentation. The Criterion Collection, Inc. (or simply Criterion) is an American home video distribution company that focuses on licensing "important classic and contemporary films". Then Australia and East Antarctica were merged with the remaining Gondwana c. 570 to 530 Ma in the Kuunga Orogeny. Der Spreetshoogte-Pass (englisch Spreetshoogte Pass) ist ein Gebirgspass in den Rantbergen zwischen Rehoboth und Solitaire (Distriktstraße D1275) in der Region Khomas in Namibia.Er gilt mit einer maximalen Steigung von 22 Prozent als der zweitsteilste und mit einer Höhe von 1676 m als fünfthöchster Pass des Landes.. Er verbindet die Ausläufer der Namib im Westen mit dem … The India–Madagascar–Seychelles separations appear to coincide with the eruption of the Deccan basalts, whose eruption site may survive as the Réunion hotspot. Pangaea began to break up in the Mid-Jurassic when the Central Atlantic opened. The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company which specializes in licensing and selling "important classic and contemporary films" in "editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning, original supplements." Es kann notwendig sein, neue Unterkategorien anzulegen. [2] Eduard Suess orthographie originellement ce terme Gondwána-Land dans son livre Le Visage de la Terre (das Antlitz der Erde), édité entre 1883 et 1901. Collections. Media in category "Canyon Village (Gondwana)" The following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. Vom späten Karbon bis in den Jura bildete Gondwana über einen Zeitraum von etwa 150 Millionen Jahren den Südteil des Superkontinents Pangaea ; WikiZero Özgür Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumanın En Kolay Yolu . Die Gondwana Collection Namibia, meist nur Gondwana Collection oder Gondwana, ist ein Unternehmen der Nature Investments ... Wikipedia spezifische Links, die nicht zu Artikeln oder Kategorien führen (wie „Redlink“, „Bearbeiten-Links“, „Portal-Links“) wurden entfernt. Rates. The Gondwana Card may be used throughout the year at: Any of the Gondwana Collection Namibia accommodation properties. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007325 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424. Hunted and admired: the giants of the oceans. Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene c. 23 Ma with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway. Proto-Gondwanan Cambrian arc belts from this margin have been found in eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Antarctica. Gondwana, tidligere kjent under navnet Gondwanaland, var et sørlig superkontinent som omfattet de landmassene som i dag utgjør den sørlige halvkule, med kontinentene Antarktis, Sør-Amerika, Afrika og Australia, samt Madagaskar, India, Ny-Guinea, New Zealand og Ny-Caledonia.De øvrige kontinentene, Nord-Amerika og Eurasia, var samlet i superkontinentet Laurasia. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007335 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424 . [70] Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of non-therian mammals with a Gondwanan distribution (South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Zealandia and Antarctica) during the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene. Take the time to scroll through the online shop and collect your favourite Namibian memories. The continent of Gondwana was named by the Austrian scientist Eduard Suess, after the Gondwana region of central India which is derived from Sanskrit for "forest of the Gonds". November 2013. The Madagascar block and the Mascarene Plateau, stretching from the Seychelles to Réunion, were broken off India; elements of this breakup nearly coincide with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The Indian and Australian plates merged c. 40 Ma (right). [67], During the Mid- to Late Triassic, hot house conditions coincided with a peak in biodiversity — the end-Permian extinction was enormous and so was the radiation that followed. Gondwana collection wikipedia Gondwana - Wikipedia . Rates. It is possible that gymnosperm biodiversity surpassed later angiosperm biodiversity and that the evolution of angiosperms began during the Triassic but, if so, in Laurasia rather than in Gondwana. Gondwana's final formation occurred about 500 million years ago, during the late Ediacaran Period. The term "Gondwanaland" is preferred by some scientists in order to make a clear distinction between the region and the supercontinent. November 2013. Standard Twin Room These rooms are situated in a courtyard overlooking the main swimming pool area. The validity of card numbers will be verified in respect of all bookings. Your email address will not be published. Oranjemund (German for "Mouth of Orange") is a diamond mining town of 4,000 inhabitants situated in the ǁKaras Region of the extreme southwest of Namibia, on the northern bank of the Orange River mouth at the border to South Africa 2021 © Gondwana Collection Namibia (PTY) LTD REG NO: 2017/0459 Gondwana Collection Namibia. The intrepid explorers who traveled from the interior braved the harsh elements, lack of water and difficult terrain, often narrowly avoiding a tragic end. Insect orders associated with pollination, such as beetles, flies, butterflies and moths, and wasps, bees, and ants, radiated continuously from the Permian-Triassic, long before the arrival of the angiosperms. [65], The closure of the Rheic Ocean and the formation of Pangaea in the Carboniferous resulted in the rerouting of ocean currents which initiated an Ice House period. [59], The adjective "Gondwanan" is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms, typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. Box 80205 Windhoek / Namibia Physical address: 42 Nelson Mandela Avenue – Entrance on Kwame Nkrumah Str. [70], Dinosaurs continued to prosper but, as the angiosperm diversified, conifers, bennettitaleans and pentoxylaleans disappeared from Gondwana c. 115 Ma together with the specialised herbivorous ornithischians, whilst generalist browsers, such as several families of sauropodomorph Saurischia, prevailed. [71] Xenarthra and Afrotheria, two placental clades, are of Gondwanan origin and probably began to evolve separately c. 105 Ma when Africa and South America separated.[72]. Travel News Namibia, 27. Existió desde el Neoproterozoico (hace unos 550 millones de años). [58] From the Oligocene to the late Miocene, the climate in Australia, dominated by warm and humid rainforests before this collision, began to alternate between open forest and rainforest before the continent became the arid or semiarid landscape it is today. [14], As the rest of Gondwana formed, a complex series of orogenic events assembled the eastern parts of Gondwana (eastern Africa, Arabian-Nubian Shield, Seychelles, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, East Antarctica, and Australia) c. 750 to 530 Ma. by Gondwana Collection | Mar 30, 2021 | Gondwana Collection Namibia. Le Jardin botanique de Kirstenbosch compte presque uniquement des plantes d’Afrique australe.Il se divise en deux principales zones : la zone cultivée qui comprend les différentes collections de plantes, et la zone naturelle, qui s’étale en partie sur les flancs de la montagne de la Table et se compose de forêts, vestige des anciennes forêts du Cap. . For other uses, see, Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous supercontinent. The first ocean floor formed between India and Antarctica c. 120 Ma (left). The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged. [26] The collision of the Patagonian terrane with the southwestern Gondwanan occurred in the late Paleozoic. [29], Gondwana and Laurasia formed the Pangaea supercontinent during the Carboniferous. More than 20 properties have been carefully and individually constructed by Gondwana Collection Namibia over the last two decades, ranging from secret luxurious refuges for two to comfortable unique lodges to rustic camping offers. Whether these blocks originated on the shores of Gondwana is not known. Medlicott in 1872,[7] from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences (Permian-Triassic) are also described. [61] Agents’ hub for logistic services and local expertise. [47], The first phases of Andean orogeny in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous were characterized by extensional tectonics, rifting, the development of back-arc basins and the emplacement of large batholiths. Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of peoples of the "scheduled tribes" of India, which include the Gonds. Laurentia was docked against the western shores of a united Gondwana for a short period near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, forming the short-lived and still disputed supercontinent Pannotia.[12]. Chambres & Prix. In contrast to Laurentia, very few insect fossils have been found in Gondwana, to a large extent because of widespread deserts and volcanism. P.O. [43] Right in time for the festive season, Gondwana has produced a song to put you into a laid-back holiday mood. Several orogenies, collectively known as the Pan-African orogeny, led to the amalgamation of most of the continental fragments of a much older supercontinent, Rodinia. Thirdly, in the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic, Lhasa, West Burma, Woyla terranes opened the Neo-Tethys Ocean; Lhasa collided with Asia during the Early Cretaceous, and West Burma and Woyla during the Late Cretaceous. The islands still retain plants that originated in Gondwana and spread to the Southern Hemisphere continents later. by Bernd Grahl | Mar 31, 2017 | Namib Desert Lodge, Namib Desert Lodge, Namibia Travel Tips, Uncategorized | 10 comments. They are powerful and gentle, inquisitive and wise, compassionate and social. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)61 427 200 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)84 0007325 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424. In Gondwana, in contrast, ice and, in Australia, volcanism decimated the Devonian flora to a low-diversity seed fern flora – the pteridophytes were increasingly replaced by the gymnosperms which were to dominate until the Mid-Cretaceous. Well-preserved insect fossils have been found in the lake deposits of the Santana Formation in Brazil, the Koonwarra Lake fauna in Australia, and the Orapa diamond mine in Botswana. bookings(at)gondwana-collection.com Tel: +264 (0)84 0007307 or +264 (0)81 145 8302 Tel (Alternate): +264 (0)61 427 200 After Hours: +264 (0)81 129 2424 .

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